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Cetacea - Wikipedia. Cetacea () are a widely distributed and diverse clade of aquatic mammals that today consists of the whales, dolphins, and porpoises. Cetaceans are carnivorous and finned. Most species live in the sea, some in rivers. The name is derived from the Latincetus "whale" and Greekketos "huge fish".[1]There are around 8.

Odontoceti or toothed whales, a group of more than 7. Mysticeti or baleen whales, of which there are now 1.

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The extinct ancestors of modern whales are the Archaeoceti. While cetaceans were historically thought to have descended from mesonychids, molecular evidence supports them as a relative of Artiodactyls (even- toed ungulates).

Cetaceans belong to the order Cetartiodactyla (formed by combining Cetacea + Artiodactyla) and their closest living relatives are hippopotamuses and other hoofed mammals (camels, pigs, and ruminants), having diverged about 5. Cetaceans range in size from the 1 m (3 ft 3 in) and 5. Maui's dolphin to the 2. Several species exhibit sexual dimorphism.

They have streamlined bodies and two (external) limbs that are modified into flippers. Though not as flexible or agile as seals, cetaceans can swim very quickly, with the killer whale able to travel at 5. Dolphins are able to make very tight turns while swimming at high speeds.[3] The hindlimbs of cetaceans are internal, and are thought to be vestigial. Baleen whales have short hairs on their mouth, unlike the toothed whales.

Cetaceans have well- developed senses—their eyesight and hearing are adapted for both air and water, and baleen whales have a tactile system in their vibrissae. They have a layer of fat, or blubber, under the skin to maintain body heat in cold water. Some species are well adapted for diving to great depths. Although cetaceans are widespread, most species prefer the colder waters of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. They spend their lives in the water, having to mate, give birth, molt or escape from predators, like killer whales, underwater. This has drastically affected their anatomy to be able to do so. They feed largely on fish and marine invertebrates; but a few, like the killer whale, feed on large mammals and birds, such as penguins and seals.

Some baleen whales (mainly gray whales and right whales) are specialised for feeding on benthic creatures. Male cetaceans typically mate with more than one female (polygyny), although the degree of polygyny varies with the species. Cetaceans are not shown to have pair bonds.

Male cetacean strategies for reproductive success vary between herding females, defending potential mates from other males, or whale song which attracts mates. Calves are typically born in the fall and winter months, and females bear almost all the responsibility for raising them. Mothers of some species fast and nurse their young for a relatively short period of time, which is more typical of baleen whales as their main food source (invertebrates) aren't found in their breeding and calving grounds (tropics). Cetaceans produce a number of vocalizations, notably the clicks and whistles of dolphins and the moaning songs of the humpback whale.

The meat, blubber and oil of cetaceans have traditionally been used by indigenous peoples of the Arctic. Cetaceans have been depicted in various cultures worldwide. Dolphins are commonly kept in captivity and are even sometimes trained to perform tricks and tasks, other cetaceans aren't as often kept in captivity (with usually unsuccessful attempts). Cetaceans have been relentlessly hunted by commercial industries for their products, although this is now forbidden by international law.

The baiji (Chinese river dolphin) has become "Possibly Extinct" in the past century, while the vaquita and Yangtze finless porpoise are ranked Critically Endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. Besides hunting, cetaceans also face threats from accidental trapping, marine pollution, and ongoing climate change. Baleen whales and toothed whales[edit]The two parvorders, baleen whales (Mysticeti) and toothed whales (Odontoceti), are thought to have diverged around thirty- four million years ago. Baleen whales have bristles made of keratin instead of teeth.

The bristles filter krill and other small invertebrates from seawater. Grey whales feed on bottom- dwelling mollusks.

Rorqualfamily (balaenopterids) use throat pleats to expand their mouths to take in food and sieve out the water. Watch Saw III Online Hoyts. Balaenids (right whales and bowhead whales) have massive heads that can make up 4. King Cobra Full Movie In English. Most mysticetes prefer the food- rich colder waters of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, migrating to the Equator to give birth.

During this process, they are capable of fasting for several months, relying on their fat reserves. The parvorder of Odontocetes – the toothed whales – include sperm whales, beaked whales, killer whales, dolphins and porpoises. They have conical teeth designed for catching fish or squid. A few, such as the killer whale, feed on mammals, such as pinnipeds and other whales. They have well- developed senses – their eyesight and hearing are adapted for both air and water, and they have advanced sonar capabilities using their melon. Their hearing is so well- adapted for both air and water that some blind specimens can survive. Some species, such as sperm whales, are well adapted for diving to great depths.

Several species of odontocetes show sexual dimorphism, in which the males differ from the females, usually for purposes of sexual display or aggression. Toothed whales feed largely on fish and marine invertebrates. Anatomy[edit]Cetacean bodies are generally similar to that of fish, which can be attributed to their lifestyle and the habitat conditions. Their body is well- adapted to their habitat, although they share essential characteristics with other higher mammals (Eutheria).[4]They have a streamlined shape, and their forelimbs are flippers. Almost all have a dorsal fin on their backs that can take on many forms depending on the species. A few species, such as the beluga whale, lack them.

Both the flipper and the fin are for stabilization and steering in the water. The male genitals and mammary glands of females are sunken into the body.[5][6]The body is wrapped in a thick layer of fat, known as blubber, used for thermal insulation and gives cetaceans their smooth, streamlined body shape. In larger species, it can reach a thickness up to half a meter (1. Sexual dimorphism evolved in many toothed whales.

Sperm whales, narwhals, many members of the beaked whale family, several species of the porpoise family, killer whales, pilot whales, eastern spinner dolphins and northern right whale dolphins show this characteristic.[7] Males in these species developed external features absent in females that are advantageous in combat or display. For example, male sperm whales are up to 6. They have a cartilaginous fluke at the end of their tails that is used for propulsion.

The fluke is set horizontally on the body, unlike fish, which have vertical tails. Hind legs are not present in cetaceans, nor are any other external body attachments such as a pinna and hair.[9]Whales have an elongated head, especially baleen whales, due to the wide overhanging jaw. Bowhead whale plates can be 4 metres (1. Their nostril(s) make up the blowhole, with one in toothed whales and two in baleen whales.

The nostrils are located on top of the head above the eyes so that the rest of the body can remain submerged while surfacing for air. The back of the skull is significantly shortened and deformed. By shifting the nostrils to the top of the head, the nasal passages extend perpendicularly through the skull.[1. The teeth or baleen in the upper jaw sit exclusively on the maxilla.

The braincase is concentrated through the nasal passage to the front and is correspondingly higher, with individual cranial bones that overlap. The bony otic capsule, the petrosal, is connected to the skull with cartilage, so that it can swing independently.[1.